The dark features, called maria (Latin for seas), are impact basins that were filled with lava between 4.2 and 1.2 billion years ago. The light areas of the Moon are known as the highlands. Plans are now under way for humans to return to the Moon through NASA’s Artemis program.
The coldest temperatures in the solar system have been recorded at the Moon’s poles.Tidal forces, meteoroid impacts, and thermal changes in rock near the surface all trigger seismic disturbances. Compared to Earth, the Moon is a quietly active world. The debris from this impact likely formed the Moon. Evidence suggests that, about 4.5 billion years ago, a Mars-sized object crashed into early Earth.Without plate tectonics or weather to erase evidence of its past, our closest neighbor in space preserves a record of the geologic history that has shaped our solar system – including our own planet. Earth’s Moon is a cornerstone of planetary science.
From Earth, we always see the same face of the Moon because the Moon is spinning on its axis at the same speed that it is going around Earth (that is, it is in synchronous rotation with Earth). The Moon moderates Earth’s wobble on its axis, leading to a relatively stable climate over billions of years.
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